Which explosive characteristic relates to the capacity to shatter materials such as steel or concrete?

The capacity of an explosive to shatter materials like steel or concrete is closely associated with its energy output. Explosives work based on the rapid release of energy, which creates a shock wave that can impart significant force on surrounding materials. When this energy output is adequate, it can generate shock waves strong enough to fracture or shatter hard materials upon detonation.

In explosive engineering, defining "adequate energy output" is essential because it determines the effectiveness and efficiency of the explosive in damaging or breaching materials. High energy output explosives can exceed the tensile strength of materials, resulting in shattering, making them suitable for specific applications like demolition or military operations.

Other characteristics, such as low toxicity levels, stabilization against heat, and high thermal conductivity, do not directly relate to an explosive's ability to shatter hard materials. They may influence safety, stability, or performance under varying conditions, but they do not determine the explosive's capacity for destruction in terms of shattering hard substances.